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Data management comprises all the disciplines related to managing data as a valuable resource. The official definition provided by DAMA is that "Data Resource Management is the development and execution of architectures, policies, practices and procedures that properly manage the full data lifecycle needs of an enterprise." This definition is fairly broad and encompasses a number of professions which may not have direct technical contact with lower-level aspects of data management, such as relational database management.

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The entity-relationship model or entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a data model or diagram for high-level descriptions of conceptual data models, and it provides a graphical notation for representing such data models in the form of entity-relationship diagrams. Such models are typically used in the first stage of information-system design; they are used, for example, to describe information needs and/or the type of information that is to be stored in the database during the requirements analysis. The data modelling technique, however, can be used to describe any ontology (i.e. an overview and classifications of used terms and their relationships) for a certain universe of discourse (i.e. area of interest). In the case of the design of an information system that is based on a database, the conceptual data model is, at a later stage (usually called logical design), mapped to a logical data model, such as the relational model; this in turn is mapped to a physical model during physical design. Note that sometimes, both of these phases are referred to as "physical design".

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There are a number of conventions for entity-relationship diagrams (ERDs). The classical notation is described in the remainder of this article, and mainly relates to conceptual modelling. There are a range of notations more typically employed in logical and physical database design, including information engineering, IDEF1x (ICAM DEFinition Language) and dimensional modelling

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The designer of a database builds a formal model of the application area or universe of discourse (UoD). The model requires a good understanding of the UoD and a means of specifying this understanding in a clear, unambiguous way. Object Role Modeling (ORM) simplifies the design process by using natural language, as well as intuitive diagrams which can be populated with examples, and by examining the information in terms of simple or elementary facts. By expressing the model in terms of natural concepts, like objects and roles, it provides a conceptual approach to modeling.

Early versions of object role modeling were developed in Europe in the mid-1970s (for example, binary relationship modeling and Nijssen's Information Analysis Method (NIAM)).

The best book on ORM is "Information Modeling and Relational Databases" written by Terry Halpin.

Microsoft has a powerful implementation of ORM embedded within the product "Microsoft Visio for Enterprise Architects." With this tool you can quickly design and build database in fifth normal form. You can also reverse engineer one or more databases into natural language and then check their semantic accuracy with domain experts. Microsoft chose not to prepare a "how to" manual for ORM. Instead, Microsoft supported ORM experts who wrote the book "Database Modeling with Microsoft Visio for Enterprise Architects." So if you want to this powerful Microsoft ORM tool, it will help if you buy this book.

2005 In Review, A Glimpse Back

Disasters, Big and Small - Hurricane Katrina

Katrina first made landfall as a Category 1 hurricane just north of Miami, Florida in late August, resulting in a dozen deaths in South Florida and spawning several tornadoes which happened not to strike any dwellings. In the Gulf of Mexico it strengthened into a formidable Category 5 hurricane with maximum winds of 175 mph and minimum central pressure of 902 mbar. It weakened considerably as it was approaching land, making its second landfall on the morning of August 29 along the Central Gulf Coast near Buras-Triumph, Louisiana with 125 mph winds and a central pressure of 920 mbar, a strong Category 3 storm (having just weakened from Category 4 as it was making landfall).

The sheer physical size of Katrina caused devastation far from the eye of the hurricane; it was possibly the largest hurricane of its strength ever recorded, but estimating the size of storms from before the 1960s (the pre-satellite era) is difficult or impossible. On August 29, its storm surge breached the levee system that protected New Orleans from Lake Pontchartrain and the Mississippi River. Most of the city was subsequently flooded mainly by water from the lake. Heavy damage was also inflicted onto the coasts of Mississippi and Alabama, making Katrina the most destructive and costliest natural disaster in the history of the United States and the deadliest since the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane.
 

Iraqi Quagmire

Under the Iraqi constitution of 1925, Iraq was a constitutional monarchy, with a bicameral legislature consisting of an elected House of Representatives and an appointed Senate. The lower house was elected every four years by manhood suffrage (that is, women did not vote). The first Parliament met in 1925. Ten general elections were held before the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958. The electoral system, however, was manipulated by the King and his advisors, who were Sunni Muslims, to ensure that the Shi'a majority were prevented from taking power.

Between 1958 and 2003 Iraq was ruled by a series of military regimes, all dominated by members of the Sunni Arab minority. Both the Shi'a and the Kurds were excluded from power, and under the regime of Saddam Hussein, who came to power in 1979, they were persecuted. Saddam's regime was largely run by Sunni Arabs from Tikrit, his home region. On October 16, 2002, after a well-publicized show election, Iraqi officials declared that Saddam had been re-elected to another seven-year term as President by a 100% unanimous vote of all 11,445,638 eligible Iraqis, eclipsing the 99.96% received in 1995. The United States and others outside Iraq said the vote lacked any credibility. Stories later surfaced stating that voting was compulsory and that the "yes" box had already been checked for voters in advance.

The multinational force's invasion of Iraq in 2003 overthrew Saddam's regime and installed an interim government in which all Iraq's ethnic and religious communities were represented. This government held elections on January 30, 2005 to begin the process of writing a constitution. Pro-U.S. groups and the formerly excluded Shi'a and Kurd factions claimed that the January 2005 elections were the first genuine free elections in Iraq's history, or at least since the 1950s. Opponents of the occupation, such as the insurgents and the Sunni faction, claim that the elections were not genuinely free and fair, pointing to several flaws in the process.

Loss of a Father, Pope John Paul II's Death

The funeral of Pope John Paul II was held on 8 April 2005, six days after his death on 2 April. The funeral was followed by the novemdiales devotional in which the Roman Catholic Church and its Eastern Rite observe nine days of mourning.

On February 22, 1996, Pope John Paul II introduced revisions to the centuries-old ceremonies surrounding papal death, repose and burial. The revisions enacted through the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis applied to his own funeral.

Coinciding with the funeral in Vatican City, archbishops and bishops at cathedrals throughout the world celebrated memorial masses for grieving Roman Catholics.

In a historical rarity, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox Christian leaders, as well as leaders in Judaism and Islam, offered memorials and prayers of their own for their congregants sharing in the grief of Roman Catholics. The current Archbishop of Canterbury was present at the papal funeral for the first time since the Church of England broke with the papacy in the 16th century.
 

London Terror, Bombings

The 7 July 2005 London bombings were a series of co-ordinated suicide bombings that struck London's public transport system during the morning rush hour. The bombings killed 52 civilians and injured over 700 people.

At 8:50 a.m. (BST, UTC+1), three bombs exploded within 50 seconds of each other on three London Underground trains. A fourth bomb exploded on a bus at 9:47 a.m. in Tavistock Square. The bombings led to a severe, day-long disruption of the city's transport and mobile telecommunications infrastructure.

Fifty-six people were killed in the attacks, including the four suspected bombers, with 700 injured. The incident was the deadliest single act of terrorism in the United Kingdom since the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 (which killed 270), and the deadliest bombing in London since the Second World War.

Police investigators identified four men whom they believed to be suicide bombers. These are the first suicide bombings in Western Europe, and are thought to have been planned by Islamist paramilitary organizations based in the United Kingdom; the terrorist organization al-Qaeda claimed responsibility.

The bombings came while the UK was hosting the first full day of the 31st G8 summit, a day after London was chosen to host the 2012 Summer Olympics, two days after the beginning of the trial of fundamentalist cleric Abu Hamza, five days after the Live 8 concert was held there, and shortly after Britain had assumed the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union.

On 21 July 2005, a second series of four explosions took place on the London Underground and a London bus. However, this time only the detonators of the bombs exploded, and all four bombs remained undetonated. There were no fatalities: the single injury reported at the time was later revealed to be a hospitalized asthma sufferer. All suspected bombers from this failed attack have been arrested by police.

 

 
 

The central concept of a database is that of a collection of records, or pieces of knowledge.

 
 

An audio format is a medium for storing sound and music. The term is applied to both the physical medium and the format of the content.

 
 

Video coding is the field in computer science that deals with finding efficient coding formats for video that is digital (DV).

 
 

The DNA which carries genetic information in biological cells is normally packaged in the form of one or more large macromolecules.

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In computing, a data storage device—as the name implies—is a device for storing data.

 
 

Data transmission is, very generally speaking, the conveyance of any kind of information from one space to another.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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