This article is about the city in Germany. For other uses, see Berlin (disambiguation).

Berlin[?] (pronounced: [bɜ(r)ˈlɪn], German [bɛɐˈliːn]) is the capital of Germany and its largest city; down from 4.5 million before World War II. Between approximately the 1890s and the mid-1920s, Berlin was the fourth-largest urban area in the world after London, New York, and Paris. Today, it is only the sixth-largest urban area in the European Union, and approximately the 80th-largest urban area in the world. From 1949 to 1990 it was divided into East Berlin and West Berlin.

Berlin, built on sand, is located on the rivers Spree and Havel in the north-east of Germany. It is enclosed by the German state (Bundesland) of Brandenburg, and constitutes a state of its own.

Political Berlin

The state

Berlin used to be part of Brandenburg province of Prussia but was incorporated into Greater Berlin in 1920. Since German reunification on 3 October 1990 it has been one of the three city states, together with Hamburg and Bremen, that form the present 16 German Bundesländer.

Berlin is governed by the Senate of Berlin, which consists of the Regierender BГјrgermeister (governing mayor) and up to eight senators holding ministerial portfolios. The governing mayor is mayor of the city and representative of the Bundesland (state) at the same time. The seat of office for the Berlin Mayor is the Rotes Rathaus. Presently, this office is held by Klaus Wowereit (SPD): for earlier mayors, see the list of Mayors of Berlin.

The city and state parliament is called the Abgeordnetenhaus or House of Representatives. The current Senate consists of a coalition of the social democrat SPD and the socialist Left Party.

The boroughs

Berlin is subdivided into 12 boroughs, called Bezirke, which were created from the previously existing 23 boroughs, effective since 1 January 2001.

For a map and a list of the old and new borough names, see Boroughs of Berlin.

Each borough is governed by a Bezirksamt consisting of five Stadträte (town councillors) and a mayor. The Bezirksamt is elected by the district-parliament, the Bezirksverordnetenversammlung. The Boroughs of Berlin are not independent municipalities, and the political power of the district-parliaments is fairly minimal and dependent on the Senat of Berlin.

The district mayors form the council of mayors, called Rat der BГјrgermeister under the leadership of the Regierende BГјrgermeister (governing mayor), to advise the Senat.

Population

Berlin has 3,426,000 inhabitants (as of January 2005) on a surface of 891.75 square kilometers, thus, the population density of the region amounts to 3,811 inhabitants per square kilometer. Berlin citizens' average age is 41.7 years (as of 2004). 450,900 inhabitants are foreigners coming from 185 states (as of December 2004). Among them, approximately 36,000 citizens come from the nearest neighboring country, Poland and 119,000 are Turkish - Berlin has the largest Turkish municipality in Europe outside of Turkey. According to official statistics, in 2004, 22.3% of the population were Protestants, 9.1% were Catholics, 6.2% were Muslims, and 0.4% were Jews.

History

See History of Berlin.

Tourist attractions

Even though Berlin does have a number of impressive buildings from earlier centuries, the city's appearance today is mainly shaped by the key role it played in Germany's history in the 20th century. Each of the national governments which had their seat in Berlin — the 1871 German Empire, the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, East Germany, and now the reunified Germany — initiated ambitious construction programs, each with its own distinctive character. Berlin was devastated by bombing raids during World War II, and many of the old buildings that escaped the bombs were eradicated in the 1950s and 1960s in both West and East. Much of this destruction was caused by overambitious architecture programs, especially to build new residential or business quarters and main roads. It would not be an exaggeration to say that no other city in the world offers Berlin's unusual mix of architecture, especially 20th-century architecture. The city's tense and unique recent history has left it with a distinctive array of sights.

Not much is left of the Berlin Wall. The East Side Gallery in Friedrichshain near the Oberbaumbrücke over the Spree preserves a portion of the Wall. By looking at the architecture it is still possible to tell if one is in the former eastern or western part of the city. In the eastern part, many Plattenbauten can be found, reminders of Eastern Bloc ambitions to create complete residential areas with fixed ratios of shops, kindergartens and schools. Another difference between former east and west is in the design of little red and green men on pedestrian crossing lights (Ampelmännchen in German); the eastern versions received an opt-out during the standardisation of road traffic signs after re-unification, and have survived to become a popular icon in tourist products. They are however starting to appear in western Berlin too.

Historical sights in the city centre

• The Brandenburg Gate and Unter den Linden, symbols of Berlin, Prussia, and now Germany. The Brandenburg Gate appears on German Euro coins.
• Reichstag building, the old and new seat of the German parliament, renovated by Sir Norman Foster. Features a glass dome in which you can walk around and watch the parliamentarians from above.
• Gendarmenmarkt, arguably the most beautiful square in Berlin, surrounded by two famous cathedrals and the concert hall.
• Berlin victory column, monument to Prussia's victories.
• The Berliner Dom, an historic cathedral. A large crypt houses the remains of the Prussian royal family.
• Cathedral of St. Hedwig (St.-Hedwigs-Kathedrale)
• Nikolaiviertel with the Nikolaikirche an historical city core, founded in the 13th century.
• Schloss Bellevue, now the residence of the German President
• Schloss Charlottenburg, the largest surviving historical palace in Berlin
• Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, a stark Holocaust memorial opened in May 2005.
• The Neptunbrunnen, a famous fountain in Berlin Mitte.
• Tiergarten is Berlin's largest park and a masterpiece of park design.

Cold War and sightseeing in the former East Berlin

• The Palast der Republik, the old East German parliament building. It is seen by some as ugly, former East Berliners remember with affection restaurants, shops, clubs, and the concerts that took place there in the 1980s. Although it has some significance as a historical tourist attraction, the German Parliament voted for its demolition, which will commence in 2005. The Palast der Republik is built on the site of the Berlin City Palace, which was demolished in 1950 by the Communists. The Palace Square was renamed Marx-Engels-Platz at the same time.
• The Fernsehturm, the TV tower, the highest building in the city at 368 m (1207 ft), and the second largest structure in Europe (after Moscow's Ostankino Tower). The Fernsehturm is easily visible throughout most of the central districts of Berlin.
• Alexanderplatz, formerly East Berlin's major shopping center, and home to the Centrum-Warenhaus, which was the DDR's department store. It is now a thoroughly Westernized shopping center, belonging to the Kaufhof chain.
• East Side Gallery a memorial for freedom based on the last parts of the Berlin Wall
• Rotes Rathaus(the Red City Hall), historic town hall famous for its distinctive red-brick architecture
• Rathaus SchГ¶neberg (West Berlin) with John-F.-Kennedy-Platz, whence John F. Kennedy made his famous "Ich bin ein Berliner!" speech.
• Checkpoint Charlie, remains and a museum about one of the crossing points (albeit restricted to Allied forces) in the Berlin Wall. The museum, which is a private venture, exhibits interesting material about people who devised ingenious plans to leave the East, but is controversial in the city for its propagandistic Cold War didactics and publicity stunts that many consider tasteless.

Sights of modern Berlin

• Potsdamer Platz, an entire quarter built from scratch after 1995. The historic Potsdamer Platz was not rebuilt as it was divided by the Wall. A must-see for people who like modern city planning. Just to the West of Potsdamer Platz is the Kulturforum, which houses the GemГ¤ldegalerie, and is flanked by the Neue Nationalgalerie and the Philharmonie.
• Hackescher Markt, Spandauer Vorstadt and Scheunenviertel, the home to fashionable culture, with countless small clothing shops, clubs, bars, and galleries. This includes the New Synagogue area in Oranienburger StraГџe (originally built in the 1860s in Moorish style with a large golden dome and reconstructed in 1993), and the Hackesche HГ¶fe, a conglomeration of several buildings around several courtyards, nicely reconstructed after 1996. This area was a centre of Jewish culture up until the 1930s.

Panoramic viewing points

• Berliner Funkturm— the only observation tower in the world which stands on insulators. Its open-air observation deck is popular for photography.
• Berlin Television Tower [1] — 368-m high television tower, built in 1969 close to Alexanderplatz. The entire city can be viewed from its 204-m high observation platform.
• Grunewaldturm [2] — this 59-m high historic tower stands on a hill in Grunewald forest close to Wannsee lake.
• FranzГ¶sischer Dom [3] — located on Gendarmenmarkt in the very heart of the city, the platform of the cathedral offers unique views.
• Bierpinsel — literally "Beer Stick". 1970s style tower in the Berlin Borough of Steglitz with a cafГ© and bar at the top giving views over south-western Berlin.
• Restaurant of the Forum Hotel Berlin
• Berliner Dom [4] — Protestant cathedral situated next to the Lustgarten, with a circular observation platform around the dome.
• Bell tower at the Olympic Stadium [5] — part of the Reichssportfeld complex, the tower offers a view of the Olympic Stadium and also of the WaldbГјhne, an open-air stage.
• SiegessГ¤ule [6] — the monument at the GroГџer Stern situated in the middle of the Tiergarten Park where it was relocated in 1938–39 from its previous position in front of the Reichstag.
• MГјggelturm — a tower giving panoramic views over the MГјggelsee lake.
• Reichstag building— the roof of the parliament building, crowned by a large glass cupola designed by Lord Foster is open to the public giving an impressive view over the city, especially at night.

Further interesting structures (not accessible to public)

• Fernmeldeturm Berlin (Berlin Telephone Tower)
• Richtfunkstelle Berlin-Frohnau
• Transmitter Berlin-Britz
• Radio mast Berlin-Scholzplatz
• Transmitter Berlin-Alley of Stallupone
• Radio mast Berlin-Olympiastadium
• Radar facility Berlin-Teufelsberg
• TV Tower Berlin-Mueggelberge
• Power station Berlin-Wilmersdorf
• Power station Reutter

Famous streets and boulevards

• Unter den Linden is the street that heads east from the Brandenburg Gate. Many Classical buildings line the street. Part of Humboldt University is located there.
• FriedrichstraГџe, Berlin's legendary street of the "Golden Twenties" which combines the tradition of the last century with modern architecture of today's Berlin.
• KurfГјrstendamm (Ku'damm), with the Kaiser-Wilhelm-GedГ¤chtniskirche (Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church), which lies right at the top end of KurfГјrstendamm, on Breitscheidplatz (underground station KurfГјrstendamm). The church was bombed out in World War II and its ruins have been preserved in their damaged state. Near by is the Ka-De-We Berlin's equivelent to London's Harrods. Also nearby is the Zoologischer Garten, a zoo with a large number of species.
• The StraГџe des 17. Juni connects the Brandenburg Gate in the East and Ernst-Reuter-Platz in the West, commemorating the uprisings in East Berlin of 17 June 1953. It features the golden SiegessГ¤ule (Statue of Victory), which used to stand in front of the Reichstag.
• The Karl-Marx-Allee (formerly Stalinalle), a boulevard lined by monumental landmark buildings designed in the Socialist Classicism of the Stalin era. It is located in Friedrichshain and Mitte.

Education and science

Universities

• Freie UniversitГ¤t Berlin [7]
• Humboldt-UniversitГ¤t zu Berlin [8]
• Technische UniversitГ¤t Berlin [9]
• CharitГ© [10] (Medical Faculty of Freie and Humboldt-UniversitГ¤t)
• UniversitГ¤t der KГјnste [11]

Universities of applied sciences

• Alice-Salomon-Fachhochschule fГјr Sozialarbeit/-pГ¤dagogik [12]
• Evangelische Fachhochschule [13]
• Katholische Fachhochschule [14]
• Fachhochschule fГјr Technik und Wirtschaft [15]
• Fachhochschule fГјr Wirtschaft [16]
• Hochschule fГјr Musik Hanns Eisler [17]
• Technische Fachhochschule [18]

Zoos and Botanical Gardens

• Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Berlin's oldest zoo, located in the city center.
• Tierpark Friedrichsfelde, founded by the GDR in a historic castle park in eastern Berlin.
• Botanic Garden and Botanic Museum Berlin, one of the most important botanical gardens of the world and the largest in Europe.

The Arts and Culture

After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 many buildings in the former city center of East Berlin (today the district Mitte) were renovated. Many had not been rebuilt since World War II. Illegally occupied by young people, they had become a fertile ground for all sorts of underground and counter-culture gatherings. It was also home to many nightclubs, including Tacheles, Techno clubs Tresor, WMF, Ufo and E-Werk.

The art scene in Berlin is extremely rich and it is home to hundreds of art galleries. The city is host to the Art Forum annual international art fair. Berlin also offers one of the most diverse and vibrant nightlife scenes in Europe. Most Berliners take great pride in their city's reputation as one of the most socially progressive cities on the continent. Source: Press

Berlin's annual Carnival of Cultures, a multi-ethnic street parade, and Chistopher Street Day celebrations, Central Europe's largest gay-lesbian pride event, are openly supported by the city's government.*[19]**[20].

Another event is the techno-demonstration "Loveparade" (every year in July or August).

Despite the city's high unemployment levels, a significant number of young Germans and artists continue to settle in the city, and Berlin has established itself as the premiere center of youth and pop culture in Europe.

Signs of this expanding role were the 2003 announcement that the annual Popkomm, Europe's largest music industry convention, would move to Berlin after 15 years in Cologne. Shortly thereafter, German MTV also decided to move its headquarters and main studios from Munich to Berlin. Universal Music opened its European headquarters on the banks of the River Spree in an area known as the mediaspree.

Film Industry and Films about Berlin

Berlin is the centre of the German Film Industry, partly due to the existence of the Babelsberg Studios and many important film and TV production companies like UFA, Senator Film, Goldkind etc. Many international movies and European co-productions have been filmed there. Berlin is also home of the European Film Academy, the German Film Academy and host of the Berlinale film festival. There are many films that were set in or portray the special "Berlin-Atmosphere" from different eras, among them are:

• Die Sinfonie der GroГџstadt -- 1927 Documentary Type Film "Day in the life of Berlin" [21]
• Berlin Alexanderplatz -- 1920s Berlin
• The Blue Angel -- 1930s Depression
• M -- Early 1930s Berlin
• The Testament of Dr. Mabuse -- 1933 Berlin
• Downfall -- Final days of the Third Reich 1945
• One, Two, Three -- Cold War before the Wall 1961
• Funeral in Berlin 1966 Cold War Thriller- A bit dated, filmed in Berlin with some nice scenes in Kreuzberg
• Cabaret -- Filmed in 1972, set in the early 1930s
• Christiane F. - Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo -- 1970s
• Run Lola Run -- Filmed 1998 in post-reunification Berlin
• Good bye, Lenin! -- Set in East Berlin in 1989
• Der Himmel Гјber Berlin (Wings of Desire) -- A cult film about divided city by Wim Wenders from 1987
• Hedwig and the Angry Inch -- A cult film and musical about a German singer-transvestite who escapes East Berlin in 1989. 2001.
• Der Untergang (the Downfall)-- 2004 German film portraying the last days in Hitler's bunker

Museums

• Archenhold Observatory Archenhold-Sternwarte [22]
• Museum Island with the Altes Museum, Pergamon Museum and Alte Nationalgalerie
• German Museum of Technology in Kreuzberg, located at the site of an old freight train hub
• Museum for Post and Telecommunication
• GemГ¤ldegalerie (Picture Gallery), European art (mostly paintings) from the 13th to the 18th century [23]
• Neue Nationalgalerie (New National Gallery), one of the last buildings by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
• Alte Nationalgalerie (Old National Gallery), 19th-century painting and sculpture[24]
• Jewish Museum Berlin
• Hamburger Bahnhof (Museum for contemporary art)
• Museum of European Cultures
• Berlin State Gallery [25]
• Bauhaus Museum [26]
• Broehan Museum [27]
• Deutsche Guggenheim Museum [28]
• German Film Museum [29]
• Kaethe Kollwitz Museum [30]
• Museum of European Cultures [31]
• Vitra Design Museum [32]
• The Berggruen Collection (Picasso and his Age) [33]
• Museum of Natural History [34]
• German Museum of Technology [35]
• Museum of Medical History [36]
• Berlin Wall Documentation Center [37]
• Prussian Palaces and Gardens in Berlin [38]

Theaters

• SchaubГјhne [39]
• VolksbГјhne [40]
• Deutsches Theater [41]
• Berliner Ensemble [42]
• Theater des Westens [43]
• Grips-Theater
• Theater am Potsdamer Platz [44]
• Maxim Gorki Theater [45]
• Renaissance Theater

Opera houses

• Deutsche Oper
• Staatsoper Unter den Linden
• Komische Oper

Transport

Public transport

• U-Bahn, Metro subway system
• S-Bahn, mostly overground urban railway system
• StraГџenbahn, a tram system, mainly in eastern Berlin
• Bus,
• Passenger Berlin Ferry
• All means of public transport - U- & S- Bahn, trams, buses and ferries - can be accessed with the same ticket.
• A map of the current public transport network (BVG)

Railway Termini

Berlin was, pre-1945, the hub of the central European railway network. World War Two and the political division of Germany had very negative effects on the railway network in Berlin. Today only two pre-1945 Termini, Ostbahnhof and Zoologischer Garten, remain in service. In the early 1950s, in an effort by the East German government to isolate West Berlin, railway services were diverted away from termini in West Berlin . These stations became disused and were demolished during the 1950s and 1960s.

• Anhalter Bahnhof
• Stettiner Bahnhof
• GГ¶rlitzer Bahnhof
• Potsdamer Bahnhof
• Lehrter Bahnhof

See also List of Berlin metro stations

Airports

• SchГ¶nefeld International Airport (SXF), to be expanded and renamed Berlin Brandenburg International Airport (BBI) in 2007
• Tempelhof International Airport (THF), to close 2006
• Berlin Airports Website
• Tegel International Airport (TXL), to close after BBI starts operations (in 2007)

Ports

• Westhafen (Westport) - largest port in Berlin with an area of 173,000 mВІ: transshipment of grain, pieced and heavy goods.
• SГјdhafen (Southport) - an area of about 103,000 mВІ for transshipment of pieced and heavy goods.
• Osthafen (Eastport) - the area of 57,500 mВІ is still in use, but partly under urban redevelopment
• Hafen NeukГ¶lln (Port NeukГ¶lln) - with only 19,000 mВІ the smallest port; transshipment of building materials.

Power Supply

The power supply of Berlin has some peculiarities. In World War II it was planned to supply the grid of Berlin over an HV DC-underground cable from Dessau power station . The construction of this facility was begun in 1943, but was abandoned (see Elbe-Project).

During the time of the division, the power grid of former West Berlin was cut off from the power grid of the surrounding countryside. Electricity supply was from thermal power stations in the city (Reuter, Wilmersdorf ,etc.). For buffering the load peaks, accumulators were installed in the 1980s in some of these power stations, which were connected by static invertors to the power grid and were loaded during times of low power consumption and unloaded during times of high consumption. In 1993 the power connections to the surrounding country, which were broken in 1951, were restored again. In the western districts of Berlin nearly all power lines are underground cables - only a 380 kV and a 110 kV-line, which run from Reuter power station to the urban motorway, are overhead lines. In Berlin there is the longest 380 kV three phase cable, the 380kV-crossing Berlin. It may be the most expensive power line in Germany (SEO).

Sports

Berlin hosted the 1936 Olympics.

Berlin will be one of the host cities for the 2006 World Cup, to be held in Germany.

Berlin will be hosting the 2009 athletics world championships.

Berlin is home to Hertha BSC Berlin, a football team in the Bundesliga.

Quotes concerning Berlin

External links

Travel guide to Berlin from Wikitravel

• Official Website
• Berlin Online Berlin's information web site
• Alt-Berlin - Extensive archive of historical maps of Berlin, from 1738 to the present day - in German and English
• Architecture of Berlin
• Berlin Artists
• Berlin statistics - in German
• City Panoramas - Panoramic Views of Berlin's Highlights
• Comparison of historic layouts of the city
• Objects of interest and events
• Western Allies Berlin - History of the western allies in Berlin from 1945 to 1994

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