A birthday is the date on which a person was born. It is customary in many cultures to celebrate the anniversary of one's birthday in some way, for example by having a birthday party with friends in which gifts are given. It is also customary to treat someone especially well and generally accede to their wishes on their birthday.

Western birthday traditions

• In most English-speaking countries it is traditional to sing the song Happy Birthday to You to the honored person celebrating their birthday. Similar songs exist in other languages, such as "Lang zal hij/zij leven" in Dutch. This happens traditionally at a birthday party while someone brings a birthday cake into the (often darkened) room.
• The birthday cake is traditionally a highly decorated cake, and is typically covered with lit candles when presented; the number of candles often equals the age of the person (this tradition becomes very difficult for people of roughly 40 years or older, and is often abanded far younger as it can feel a bit childish or just isn't worth the fuzz amongst adults). The person whose birthday it is makes a silent wish and then blow out the candles; if done in one breath, the wish is supposed to come true. Another common superstition is that if you reveal your birthday wish, it won't come true. Except in the case of young children, it is also very common for the "birthday boy" or "birthday girl" to cut the initial piece of the cake like the couple does with a wedding cake.

The singing of the song also sometimes happens at a restaurant when one gets taken out for their birthday. The server or servers in the restaurant may lead the singing of the song while dessert is delivered to the table (which may or may not be a piece of cake, and may or may not be complimentary). The dessert may feature a sparkler instead of a candle. Other customers at the restaurant usually join in for the singing of the song. At some restaurants the servers may perform special, untraditional birthday songs and dances.

For special birthdays and for when the number of candles might be considered impractical or a fire hazard, special candles might be substituted for the many individual candles. These candles are in the shape of a numeral; for example on one's 5th birthday there may be only one candle on the cake in the shape of the numeral 5, and on one's 50th birthday there may be two candles on the cake, one in the shape of the numeral 5 followed by the other in the shape of the numeral 0.

• A birthday is considered a special day for the person, and so the person will often get special treatment from friends and family. This is specially true for children who cannot wait for their own special day. In contrast, many adults loathe the reminder that they are continually getting older. In addition to parties, people often get gifts on their birthday. Often, the honored person gets a "birthday hug" from friends and family. For older people a birthday may be a prompt for their grown-up children to write or call.

• Birthday parties for children often include fun games, like Pin the Tail on the Donkey, Musical Chairs and hitting piГ±atas. For adults, the parties tend to be more formal, such as a nice dinner at a restaurant. Despite the age, these parties have the intent of making the honored person very happy. In jest, the birthday is sometimes referred to as the "Best day of the year" and the day after the birthday is the "worst day of the year" since one must wait a whole year for their next birthday!

• There are also traditions of surprise parties. This sometimes causes people to feel ignored because it appears their birthday has been forgotten, when actually it has not been mentioned because a surprise party has been planned. Conversely, some people do not mention that nothing is planned for their birthday, because they expect a surprise party.

• Still not all traditions as equally generous. In certain circles the birthday boy (or girl) is expected to treat his fellows, often by shouting one or more round of drinks (not allows compensated for by a gift), or worse, may receive a birthday spanking.
• It is also traditional in schools in some areas of Scotland to 'Bump' people on their birthday. this involves them being hoisted face up by arms and legs and dropped, not quite hitting the ground for the number of times which their birthday is plus one when they often literally come to earth with a bump.
• Another tradition in schools are 'birthday beats', in which the birthday child receives a the number of punches on his arm that equate to his age (e.g. A 14 year old would receive 14 punches on the arm). Usually it is followed with a 'one for luck' punch which tends to be harder than the rest. Birthday beats are considered bullying and tend to ruin many children's special days.

Astrology

The modern Astrological sign that one is born under depends on one's birthday, and the specific time of birth is used to calculate the person's natal chart. A variety of traditional astrological systems exists outside the west, and further discussion can be found at the relevant article.

Special birthdays

Notable birthdays can include:

• When the most significant digit changes, for example one's 1st, 10th, 20th, 50th, or 100th birthdays.
• One's golden birthday is the day when the age one turns and the date of birth coincide (e.g. someone turning 20 on September 20th celebrates his golden birthday).
• In most legal systems, one becomes a legal adult on a particular birthday, and at different ages gain different rights and responsibilities -- voting, certain drug use (e.g. alcohol, tobacco), eligibility for military draft, driving etc.
• Most cultures have one or more coming of age birthdays:
  • Jewish boys have a bar mitzvah on their 13th birthday. In Reform and Conservative Judaism, Jewish girls observe a bat mitzvah on their 12th or 13th birthday.
  • In Latin America the quinceaГ±era celebration traditionally marks a girl's 15th birthday.
  • Many girls in the USA have "sweet sixteen" birthday parties.
  • In countries with significant drinking ages, it is often typical to become intoxicated with one's friends as soon as legal; some bars facilitate this through drink specials or the like. In countries where age restrictions on alcohol are loosely enforced, this phenomenon may be less common.

The birthdays of historically significant people, like Jesus, Muhammad, or Martin Luther King, Jr., are often turned into holidays.

Official/Alternative birthdays

Some notables, particularly monarchs such as Queen Elizabeth II have "official birthdays" which do not match their actual birthday, but on which celebrations are held. In cases where an historical figure's actual birthday is unknown, e.g. Jesus, it is common for a particular date to be substituted.

Children who are born on the 29th of February, which only occurs during Leap years, often celebrate their birthday annually on the 28th, or the 1st of March.

In Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox countries such as France or Greece, it is common also to have a 'name day'/'Saint's day'. This is celebrated in much the same way as a birthday, but is held on the official day of the saint after whom that the person is named. In some countries, name days are celebrated with much more elaborate festivities than birthdays; in the past, birthdays usually weren't celebrated at all in those countries.

History of celebration of birthdays in the West

It is thought that the large scale celebration of birthdays in Europe was due to Mithraism in the Roman Empire, and that prior to this it was not so common. Mithraism had a large influence throughout the empire, due to being taken up by many Roman soldiers, until it was supplanted by Christianity. Birthday celebrations were much rarer during the Middle Ages, but saw a resurgence with the advent of the Reformation, when they were seen as a good way to transfer customs from the saint's days to other dates not linked to the newly repudiated veneration of saints.

Even today, the celebration of birthdays is not universal in the West; in addition to those people preferring name day celebrations, the Jehovah's Witnesses do not celebrate either, considering them to be pagan festivals, along with Christmas and Easter.

Birthday gift symbolism

Birthstones

A birthstone, sometimes also called birthday stone

There have been many different sets of birthstones used throughout history and in different cultures, but in 1912 the American National Association of Jewelers, Jewelers of America, officially adopted the following list; it is currently the most widely used list in the United States and many other places:

• January : Garnet
• February : Amethyst
• March : Aquamarine or Bloodstone
• April : Diamond
• May : Emerald
• June : Pearl(the only non-gem) OR Moonstone OR Alexandrite
• July : Ruby
• August : Peridot OR Chalcedony|Sardonyx and Sapphire
• September : Sapphire
• October : Opal OR Tourmaline
• November : Topaz (appararantly not in blue, cr. infra)
• December : Turquoise OR Lapis lazuli OR Zircon

             (artificial diamond) OR Topaz|Blue topaz

Zodiac stones

This is an astrologic version of the birthstones, using zodiac signs in stead of months of birth, and one completely different stone (the only link) :

• Aquarius (January 21 To February 21) Garnet
• Pisces (February 21 To March 21) Amethyst
• Aries (March 21 To April 20) Diamond
• Taurus (April 20 To May 21) Sapphire
• Gemini (May 21 To June 21) Spinel
• Cancer (June 21 To July 22) Emerald
• Leo (July 22 To August 22) Opal
• Virgo (August 22 To September 22) Opal
• Libra (September 22 To October 23) Peridot
• Scorpio O(Ctober 23 To November 21) Aquamarine
• Sagittarius (November 21 To December 21) Topaz
• Capricorn (December 21 To January 21) Ruby

Birthday stones

While this word has also been used as synonym of Birth stone (see above), there is a separate list of assignment according to the day of the week of the recipient's birth:

• Monday : Pearl (again the only non-gem)
• Tuesday : Garnet
• Wednesday : Cat's eye (not in the lists above)
• Thursday : Emerald
• Friday : Topaz
• Saturday : Sapphire
• Sunday : Ruby

See also

• Astrology
• Birthday paradox
• Birthday attack
• Half-birthday
• Natal chart

Links

• Creative Anniversary Calculator

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